ISO 13001 and ASTM D3479 Improving Throughput in Composites Fatigue Tests
In recent years, composites fatigue testing has rapidly moved from a research interest to a critical commercial requirement, but the cost - in terms of machine time - remains a significant challenge to commercial testing The wind energy industry has led this demand, but aerospace and automotive sectors are defining their own needs in this area and fatigue performance is expected to become an additional qualification requirement for their composite materials and assemblies.
Cyclic loading of composites dissipates a considerable amount of energy, which results in “self-heating” of specimens. Not only can this cause specimen temperature to rise by more than 20 °C in the wrong test conditions, but this varies during the course of a test, and is rarely repeatable from one specimen to the next. Standard practice demands a single low frequency (typically 3 to 5 Hz) for all tests in order to avoid overheating, but that means very long and expensive test schedules. Temperature has a major effect on results since the performance of these materials is far more temperature sensitive than that of metals. Unfortunately, the fact that specimens generate heat internally means that there is always an offset from the surrounding environment, so temperature rise is not actually controlled even when working in a chamber. In response to this demand, Instron® developed a unique control solution that typically gives more than a 25% time saving for a composite S-N dataset and can maintain specimen temperature to within ± 0.5 °C of a specified target.
Specimen Self-Heating Control in WaveMatrix™ dynamic test software accepts an input of specimen temperature, which is used in a sophisticated outer-loop control of test frequency*. The user sets the target test temperature and the system then automatically adjusts the live test frequency (within user-specified limits) to achieve it. This means that at low stress levels, where each specimen survives millions of cycles, the frequency can be increased to greatly reduce the test time. Conversely, at high stress levels (where each test is several orders of magnitude shorter) the frequency must often be reduced to prevent excessive heating, but this has little effect on the overall time for the S-N dataset.
Instron asked the UK National Composites Certification and Evaluation Facility at Manchester University (NCCEF) to assess the comparability of results by producing an S-N data set using their standard method followed by a complete repetition on the same batch of material using Specimen Self-Heating Control. In two separate trials on commercial epoxy pre-preg materials with carbon fiber and e-glass fibre reinforcement (respectively), NCCEF found that the logarithmic data fitting coefficients were almost identical and that specimen temperature variation was reduced from ± 4 °C during a test to a range of less than ± 0.5 °C. On the carbon fiber reinforced material, the batch time was reduced by 15 machine-days on a total time of 55 days.
For the test laboratory struggling to fulfil demand for composites S-N curve generation, Specimen Self-Heating control offers exceptional value – the price of this small software extension can enable each machine to handle over 35% more tests.
*Thermocouples or non-contact transducers can be used.
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推出的 WaveMatrix 通过图形用户界面和无与伦比的易用性重新定义了动态材料测试软件。自推出后,我们一直在根据客户应 用和测试需要开发 WaveMatrix 套件。 随 WaveMatrix2 一起推出的新功能可以提高用户信心、进一步简 化常见的疲劳测试,并帮助客户更充分地利用其测试系统。 快速测试、视频教程和可以即时运行的示例方法有助于您迅速开始 测试,减少培训时间、提高用户潜能,以及增加新测试能力。
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- 8/20/2019
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ElectroPuls® E1000 All-Electric Dynamic Test Instrument
The ElectroPuls® E1000 is a state-of-the-art, all-electric test instrument designed for dynamicand static testing on a wide range of materials and components. It includes Instron® advanceddigital control electronics, DynacellTM load cell, Console software, and the very latest in testingtechnology – hassle-free tuning based on specimen stiffness, electrically operated crossheadlifts, a T-slot table for flexible test set ups, and a host of other user-orientated features. Poweredfrom a single-phase supply it requires no additional utilities for basic machine operation (forexample, pneumatic air, hydraulics, or water).
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- 3/3/2017
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